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The theory use in mixed methods studies may include theory deductively, as in quantitative theory testing and verification, or inductively, as in an emerging qualitative theory or pattern. A social or health science theory may be used as a framework to be tested in either a quantitative or qualitative approach to the inquiry. Another way to think about theory in mixed methods research is as a theoretical lens or perspective to guide the study. Studies are beginning to emerge that employ mixed methods designs using a lens to study gender, race or ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, and other bases of diversity (Mertens, 2003).
Historically speaking, the idea of using a theoretical lens in mixed methods research was mentioned by Greene and Caracelli (1997). They identified the use of a transformative design as a distinct form of mixed methods research. This design gave primacy to value-based, action-oriented research, such as in participatory action research, and empowerment approaches. In this design, they suggested mixing the value commitments of different traditions (e.g. bias-free from quantitative, and bias-laden from qualitative), the use of diverse methods, and a focus on action and solutions. The implementation of these ideas in the practice of mixed methods research has been carried forward by other authors.
