DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

A descriptive quantitative study aims to examine variables in a single sample and systematically measure, describe, and interpret them. It is commonly used to gather data about a specific phenomenon or attribute of interest within a known sample or population in its natural environment without controlling or manipulating variables.

Research studies that describe and examine variables in two or more groups are comparative descriptive designs. The variable/s of interest are measured and defined in both groups and are then compared. For example, researchers might conduct a comparative descriptive study to describe the differences in educational qualifications between male and female nurses employed at a local hospital.

Findings from descriptive research studies are most valuable in determining the frequency to which something exists. They are also helpful in describing a new or little-known phenomenon. However, while findings cannot be used to establish cause and effect, they may help develop hypotheses that can be tested in future studies.

Researchers must use methods to ensure the data collected is reliable and valid. This includes using a probability sampling technique to select a sample of adequate size and accurately represent the target population. 

The instruments and methods used to collect data in descriptive studies include surveys, checklists, observations, interviews, and equipment to measure physiological variables, such as weight scales and thermometers. To ensure internal validity, these must also be calibrated, standardised, and piloted before use.