INTRODUCTION

Research methods are the various tools and techniques that researchers use to gather information and data. Research methodology, on the other hand, is a systematic approach researchers take to address research problems thoroughly. The systematic study of research methods encompasses defining research questions, selecting appropriate methods, collecting and analysing data, and drawing valid conclusions. A well-designed research methodology ensures that research is conducted accurately, efficiently, and ethically (Bhushan Mishra & Alok, 2019).

Research design, as the plan or proposal to conduct research, involves the intersection of philosophy, inquiry strategies, and specific methods (Creswell, 2014; Creswell & Clark, 2018). The blueprint provides the rationale from which researchers derive meaning at the end of their study and guides the entire research process, enabling researchers to address their research questions and objectives effectively (Mwansa et al., 2022). Quantitative research designs offer a structured and objective data collection and analysis approach. This section provides an overview of the importance of research design and introduces the key concepts related to quantitative research designs.

When conducting research, it is essential to recognise that philosophical ideas can significantly impact the practices used. These ideas should still be acknowledged, even if they are not always apparent. Individuals must explicitly state their most significant philosophical ideas in research proposals or plans to ensure transparency and clarity. This will help us understand why specific approaches, such as qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods, were chosen (Dawadi et al., 2021; Schoonenboom & Johnson, 2017). A proposal may include a section that discusses the proposed philosophical worldview of the study, a definition of the primary considerations of that worldview, and how the worldview influenced the researcher's approach to their study. The term worldview refers to a fundamental set of beliefs that guide action, which can be understood through paradigms, epistemologies, ontologies, or broadly conceived research methodologies. Worldviews serve as a general orientation about the world and the nature of research that a researcher holds.